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Newspaper
The Bottineau Courant
Location
Bottineau, North Dakota, United States of America
Date
Jun 16, 1921
Page
3
United States Department of Agriculture specialists report that in a Vermont dairy section 89 percent of yearly milk production costs come from feed bedding and pasture in winter, and 15 percent in summer. The study covers two years and cautions results vary with conditions.
A bulletin notes dairy accounting figures including 128 hours of man labor 24.1 hours horse labor and 425 cents in other costs for a one year period. It lists 1090 pounds pasture acres and 25.96 dollars for costs covering interest taxes and similar items on the dairy’s share of buildings and equipment, with the dairy’s share of total investment 11.5 percent of inventory value. Copies are available from the United States Department of Agriculture division of publications.
A brief instructional note advises grooming cows after milking rather than before. It warns against grooving bedding or feeding immediately prior as it stirs dust and germs that could contaminate milk. Daytime grooming is preferred to keep dust minimized before the next milking.
Silage improves cattle health by maintaining good body condition and lubrication of digestive juices. A balanced ration supports dairy cows, with emphasis on fattening work animals and overall energy. The note mentions August as a reference period for duck-laying grease and related timing.
The state reports improved production from cow testing groups. Nineteen herds in two year associations averaged 749 extra pounds of milk per cow annually and 40.30 more income over feed costs. Six associations over three years saw 966 pounds more per cow and 98.81 more income over feed costs. Associations study individual records, breeding, feeding, and calf rearing, influencing even nonmembers.
A farmer from near Nokesville Virginia explains in a USDA letter how a small dairy operation can develop a high quality herd. He milks 75 cows, calves two per year, and replaces two cows yearly. Starting with varied grades, he used a neighbor's bull, kept the best heifers, then added six grade Holstein heifers and two purebred cows. He notes a ready market for his stock and says good bulls and cows, with proper care, yield fewer scrub calves and enable gradual breeding toward purebred, high-grade livestock.
A Wisconsin farmer with many calves built wooden stalls and board partitions to feed calves separately. He used earthenware bowls set in frames as individual feeding devices, reducing sharing and hunger among weaker calves while keeping costs low.
The text explains that the cream separator must run at the manufacturer’s recommended speed to ensure proper skimming. A slower speed leaves more butterfat in skim milk, while too fast speed does not increase fat separation._verify the crank timing with a reliable watch indicator.
Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture the report notes a total of 9 211 205 motor vehicles including commercial vehicles were registered last year in the 48 states under a road building program. The figures show national vehicle totals and the scope of road funding and policy.
An OCR fragment notes that LHS 840 alone has a four percent chance of matching total registrations in the United States years ago. It mentions New York state and the number of motor cars registered including commercial vehicles.
The text traces how motor vehicle registrations and revenues evolved from 1906 to 1920, noting that 1906 registrations totaled about 48,000 with $193,000 in gross revenue, while 1920 revenues matched New York's 1918 totals. It highlights the changing use of revenues toward rural road and bridge work, with 96 percent directed to road construction in 1920 and 79 percent of road funds overseen by state highway departments.
The essay argues farmers increasingly support good roads as highways raise land value and speed delivery of farm produce. It notes early farmer opposition shifted when rural areas gained access to city markets, faster shipments, and milder winters, making roads essential for farm prosperity.
The chief of the Bureau of Public Roads in the United States Department of Agriculture reports highway construction cost about twice as high in 1920 compared with 1917. Rail congestion and strikes increased costs as material shortages affected road projects.
Horticultural notes urge constant effort against orchard pests to boost fruit yields. The article highlights fall and winter as prime times for effective control, with susceptible insects active above freezing in spring before bud break. Strong spraying of lime sulfur is recommended during these periods.
Dormant spray with Ume-sulphur wash proved effective against the peat leaf blister mite common on pears and a serious apple pest. It also targets lone plant lice that attack young trees and winter as eggs. Ensure the solution coats every part of the tree for effectiveness.
A strong editorial urges that tree planting be formalized as a permanent element of municipal improvement in every U S city and town. It notes memorial plantings honor those who sacrificed for their country and calls for annual observance and nationwide adoption.
Pruning supports orchard operations by removing limbs that hinder cultivation and spraying. It strengthens the plant, prevents weak crotches, corrects poor growth, and produces new wood proportional to pruning severity. It increases fruitfulness, improves sunlight exposure for better color, aids disease and pest control, and allows open-top pruning to remove diseased parts.
Specialists from the biological survey of the United States Department of Agriculture advise against indiscriminate extermination of fur bearing animals. They note many small species cause little farm damage and may reduce pests in orchards and fields. Save fur bearers until seasonal conditions maximize pelt value.
Reports from the Agriculture Department highlight the value of keeping cow production records. A Missouri dairyman, initially with weak data, shows how careful recordkeeping can reveal true cow value and improve profitability.
A farmer recalls Goldie the cow tested to reveal how cow testing saves money. By weighing milk and feed monthly, owners learn each animal’s yearly output and cost efficiency, preventing poor buys and wasted resources. The dairy movement has expanded to nearly 500 associations nationwide, improving herd profitability.
The key to rapid calf growth is providing ample good hay. Hay supports the calf's digestive system and should be available even when calves graze on pasture to ensure they eat enough hay.
A brief item notes a silo insuring needed feed and discusses late seasons delaying corn planting. It mentions July 1 as a latest possible planting date for crops to mature and sustain feed supplies.
Dairy cows require a balanced diet with a mix of feeds to support milk production and body maintenance. Providing diverse nutrients ensures steady yield and healthy condition.
Properly balanced ration in proportion to milk output is not injurious to cows. Underfeeding tends to cause worse outcomes than overfeeding, according to the guidance.
Apple trees girdled by rabbits or mice can be saved by bridge grafting as shown. Do the work now before the leaves appear. Cut scions from any convenient tree and seal insertion points with grafting wax or cover with earth to keep wounds moist.
The guidance stresses using both wax and earth covering throughout the summer, performing the work carefully and in good season before foliage begins. Emphasis is on timing and method to ensure effective results.
The article describes a new method for controlling a strongly destructive peach tree borer. Previously the only effective control was soil removal and grub digging with a knife. The invasion had caused an estimated $4,000,000 in damage.
The article describes using para-dichlorobenzene to fumigate soil around diseased peach trees. The volatile gas, formed when soil is 75 to 80 degrees, sinks through soil and targets borers. A pound costs up to 25 cents and covers eight to ten trees, reducing labor to about one third. By 1920 Georgia peach growers used tens of thousands of pounds, marking a major department achievement.
The United States Department of Agriculture bureau of markets proposes standard sizes for three common fruit and vegetable packages the hamper the round stave basket and the market basket to curb fraud from visually similar containers and ensure buyers can distinguish them. A 23 quarts hamper can resemble a full bushel hamper risking a half peck loss to the consumer.
When new strawberry plants grow slowly and fail to send runners, blackberries and raspberries fail to renew themselves, and peaches or apples show weak wood growth or poor foliage color, a nitrogen shortage is indicated in plants.
A guide to reviving a neglected berry patch through strict row formation six feet apart, removing suckers, and pruning canes to six to eight inches. Limit to three new canes per bush, top at mid-summer, and prune back before fruiting to improve quality. This plan aims to restore productivity within one year.
Fragmentary OCR notes describe a comical farmer and a car arriving near Pertaha town. Mentions daily commerce, travel, and weekly supplies, with unclear, scattered phrases about commerce, distance, and community routines.
A guide notes rasping care for berry canes and seapens during growing seasons. Spring pruning before sap rise preserves moisture, removes old canes, and limits new canes to three or four per root stock to ensure quality berries and long-term productivity.
The guidance says gooseberries and currants prune only lightly while young. After four to five years the canes should bear better, with more fruit, once the proper pruning cuts are made.
Pruning notes that pruning not needed in the first season. dead canes and useless suckers should be removed and canes cut back each spring. The article then argues roads determine town commerce, linking well graded, passable highways to active farm trade and merchant prosperity. It stresses towns depend on farm traffic and trade for vitality.
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