Cedar Valley Times in Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Cross Ploughing and Orchard Spacing in Colonial Practice

The article discusses cross ploughing versus surface cultivation on light and heavy soils, noting fermentation, decomposition, and nutrient release under different practices. It notes a vigorous late summer fallow effect and recommends deep first ploughing, shallow second cross ploughing, and surface pulverization. It also argues in favor of closer orchard spacing, grass under trees, and pruning to protect trunks and improve fruit and grass yields.