Understanding Malling rootstocks and dwarfing in apples
The text explains how grafting desired apple varieties like McIntosh onto Malling rootstocks controls tree size. It describes EM IX as full dwarfs about eight feet, EM VII as semi dwarf twelve to thirteen feet, EM HET about seventeen feet semi vigorous, and standard rootstocks reaching twenty one feet or more. It notes rooting ease, bark to stem ratios, and how these factors predict dwarfing strength.