Highway of the Nation Treatment of the Insane
A historical column surveys the evolving approach to mental health care in the United States, tracing policy shifts, hospital developments, and debates over asylum conditions. It notes reformers, legislative actions, and the public’s evolving attitudes toward treatment and civil rights.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Virginia
Congress of the United States
Peabody
Giles County
Boston
Pemberton Square
Christian Associations
Chicago
Milwaukee
Mercantile Library Association of New York
Perkins’ Institution For the
South
Col. Perkins
New York
John T. Hoffman
The
Tribune
Times
Gov. Hoffman
Empire
Gov
Hoffman
City of
Also Mentioned on This Page
Chee
Press and Post
Seui
Boston Statesman & Weekly Post
Bostos Post
Boston Post
United States
Beals, Greene & Co
Corner of
Devonshire and
Water Streets
Bares
Saeen Dees
Snes Ass
Eet Western
Sexe
Mononvahela River
Philadelphia
Brown & HA
Max Greger
PESTH
Hungary
London
A. Bininger & CO
Liberty Street
California
Glidden & Williams
San Francisco
Lewis Wharf
Hugwenot
C. Peterson
Ci‘s
State St
Walnsor
Long Wharf
Gold Hunter
Freeman
Pacnarev
Aete
Siace HL L'Winsor & Co
State Street
Corner Broad
Stevens, Baker & Co
S. FP
Pacific Mail Steamship
China
Panama
Acapulco
Arizona
Hudson
Republic
Japan
South P Pacific
Central America
F. R. Baby
New England
C. L. Bartlett & Coo
Broad Street
Australia
Australasian
Otago
New Zealand
Jennie Eli
Ling Wood, Marshall
Kset
Gbee Batters Wharf
Neal & CR Wninshiield
Central Street
Rs Bates
Lise &Co
Consignees
Dunedin
Mess
Australasian Packet’ Line
Sydney
N.S. W
Egcrateia
British Lloyd's
Battery Wharf
Tns
Wil Williams
Peabody’s
RacerRation
Melbourne
T Wharf
Harvester
Rom
Messrs Curtis, Smith & Co
Lloyd’s
Enry W
Henry
Brooks & 000
Osborn, Cushing & Co
Iverpool & Great Western Line
Queenstown
Bevada
Williams
Aero
Colorado
P. E
Liverpool
Ireland
Scotland
Williams & Guion
Broadway
Arren
INDON
NEW York Steamship Line
Loxpon
North River
N. York
Howlanda Aspinw
Wall
South Street
Cuba
Java
Australasiad
iMay
Scotia
G. Prancelyn
Cunard Line
Cork Harbor
Malta
Ara Rea
Charles G. Francelyn
Lawrence & Ryan
Io Brosast
Jane
Net
York
Weeetteet
Eteamship Co
National
AMESS
France
Pennsylvani
Antwerp
Brem
K&e
Curner Freight Ab
Poameee
Mactice of
Ae Co
Cabin
Steen
Co. Ll. B. Th &O
Broadstreet
Portland
Londienderey
Montreal
Every Ocean Steamship Company
Cosbin
INMAN
Itri
Her
City OF Brooklyn
Etna
City OF New Tok
Halas
Paris
CITY
Baltimore
Erry
Alte
Pascare
GH & Berry
Havana
Atlantic Mail Steamship Co
MH. Greene
N.Y
Pere
Lot Pee Tack
Crt
L. Bartlett & CO
Halifax
Straits OF Canso
Pictou
Charlottetown
Alhambra
P. A. Nickerson
Xarmouth
N. mi S
ST N. B
Cat
Davis
Sfiesn Street
Douglass’s Stabie
Tyler St
Portsmouth
New Hamshire
Childers
Racinator
Lone
J.J. Braptey
Ero
Kentucky
Arlanta
Perian Stevenna
Lamb Maynard
Russia
John Dos
WM. Jessop & Sons, Iron& Steet
Federal
Eppegem Taunton
Crocker Bros
Massachusetts Society For Aiding Discha
Park Street
Edward KE. Hale
Gideon Haynes
S. G. Howe
Thomas Russell
the Cause
David Russell
Athern Railroad
Northern Railroad
Phenix Hall
Concord
N. H
Fiorenoon
Foster
Cedar Falls and
Minnesota Railroad
Illinois Central Railroad
Dupeb
Bhck & Sayles
Winter Hill
Somerville
Geason
Warrant
John RB. Poor
Ethan Allen
Mystic Park
Medford
Mass
J. J. Bowen
Hotspur
Daniel Lament
Henrst Attex
Spy
Sia Arto
Southern Steamship Resont and Ticket Agency
Washington
Norfolk
Richmond
Wilmington
Charleston
Savannah
Mobile
New Orleans
Mark Goods
S. S. Line
Old Colony
W. B. Clark
Washington St
Cromwell
GEO. Washington
H. B. Cromwell & CO
West St
E. H. Adams
Washington , St
Merchants’ Steamship Line
Sherman
N. R
Gen. Meade
MosiLe
Galveston
Doane Street
Frederic Baer
U.S
Pier
Indianola
Lavacca
Rockert
Texas
Ala
Mississippi River
Livingston, Fox & CO
Liberty St. Y
S. W. Waldron
Merchants
Breage
St. Louis
Kensington
Chas. Babson
Corferral
Apt
F. M. Snow
Abrous
All Point
Ississippi River
Concordia
J. Henry Sears
Florida
Clira
Leo
Conatra
Fiarnes
Herman Liton
C.l. Bartlett & Co
Oly
S. C
M. S. Woodhull
R. W. Lockwood
James Adger
T. J. Lockwood
James Berry
South Carolina and Georgia Railroad
Superior State Room
New York and Charleston Steamship Co
H. R. Morgan & CO
OLD Dominion Steamship Corfolk
City Point
Atteras Marle
Saratoga
Richbamond
N.R
Beach Pureet
Sansrens
Seaboard Onan Air Line
Vir
Tennessee Air Line
South Side
Petersbur
Areilroads
Danville
Virginia Centre
Cuready
Greenwich Street
Jel
Entral
GEO. Appold
Rwarden
Seaborn
Roanoke R. R
Notts
South Carolina
ALG
Tenn
RB. R
Tennes
Labama
Baltimore & Ohio
R.R
Balt. & Ohio R. R
Va. & Tenn. R. R
Savan
Sage
E. Sampson
Anon
Central Wharf
Norman
Aries
Suesday
Wilper
Whitney & Sampson
Winsor
Erie Railway
Metropolitan Steamship Company
S. Nepton
Sashland Mary Sanford
Painbanks
P. M
Aween
H. M Whitney
W. P. Clyde
Merchants’ Line
Penobscot River
Pen
WM. Camplore
Tennant
Belfast
Fred “Chestnut
Court Street
William Hinches
Otp
State House
Kehew & Thayer
Lord Elaine
India Street
W. H. McCartney
Third
WM. A. Bangs & CO
Loring, Bangs & CO
Water Street
Ellis
WM. Ellis
Weeks & Poter
Washington Ee Main
Missisquoi
ICE and Leather Insurance CO
Hide and Leather Insurance Company
Congress Street
E. H. Cole
N4snts
Lowell Railroad Corporation
Nashua and Lowell Railroad Corporation
Depot Hall
Nashua
E. P.erson
Immall
Venduuane
Congress
Mys
B. W.abaldwin
Tremont Street
Leonard, Bird & Co
Bright
F. A. Blanc’s
Winter Place
Tf Fats
Channing Street
Franklin
Wwater Street
Milk
Congress Streets
Paca
Vermont
Brest
Broad St
Tremont St
If Merchants Row
Pearl Street
Perkins
Boston Harbor
Massasoit
George F. Brown
Will
Long Island
North Weymouth
Quincy
Rowe’s Wharf
T. J. Dunbar
Washington Street
G. C. Gregg
Milk Street
1Sti Lawrence & CO
Chauncy St
Congress and
Lindall Streets
Phenix
Devonshire Street
Sanford
Bangor
Gag River
Cambridge
J. P. Johnson
Sea Cae
Creas
At & O
Beltine
Foster’s Wharf
Foot of India Wharf
Hee
Freemans’ National Bank
Federal Street
Devonshire
Cedar Rapids
Missouri
R. R
Iowa
Nebraska
R. BR
Maryland
Delaware
Union Pacific BR. R
Page, Warron & CO
Matthew Bolles & CO
Bankers
Union Pacific R. R
Railroad
Jarvis Williams & Son, Bankers and Commission Merchants
Kilby Street
Columbus
Indiana Central
Kalamazoo
Allegan
Grand Rapids
Jacksonville
Hocking Valley
City OF Bangor
MT. Desert and
Machais
Lewiston
Deering
Railroad Wharf
Machinsport
Eastern
Boston and Maine
Axp
Lowell
J. W. Richardson
Ross & Sturdivant
Prailroad
Taree
Feper
City OF Richmond
Dennison
Penobscot Bay
Boston and
Maine and Eastern
Calais
St. Andrews
Woodstock
Houkton Station
Fredericton
N.B
Digby
Windsor
Halifa
N. S
W. H. Kilby
New York, Norwich
New London
City OF Boston
City OF New York
Jewett
Jersey City
Redresses Street Ferry
Boston and Albany
Albany
Beach Streets
Stonington
Shore Line
Stonam
Orth River
Chambers Street
Jay Street
Boston and Providence Railroad
Constituti Hart
Queen OF the Age
Sam
Clymer
Richardson & 79 State Scheds
Nicolaus
Nibbe
Constitution Wharf
Warren & & Co
N.S
Fae Hill
Mayflower
Nantftts
Clark & Woodward
Fort Hill
Packard's Wharf
T. J. Jones & CO
Packard’s Wharf
St.johns
N.F
Charlotte
Totter
Mi Bird
Perkins & Job
India Wharf
RAY & Walter
B. N. Hawkins
Ann & Susan
Wharf
R. B. Walker
Weltch & CO
Georgetown
Little Glace Bay
Lingan
Port Caledo- Seek
Sound
Bird Perkins & Job
India
Papiee
Brigh! Co
Gastar
Town
D.C
Aps
Calyeso
GEO. B. Nezee
City Exchange
Eastern Railroad
Brewster, Sweet & Co
Chicago Water Loan
River Improvement
Cook County
Union Pacific R. A
Tion
OF the
Lake Superior
Mississippi
First Mortgage
Foote & Walker
Congress St
HESE
Pycott & Bennett
John E. M. Gilley
Old State House
Alé
Arnes & Appleton
G. Barnes & Appleton
Hawkey Streets
Franklin Streets
John Jeffries, Jr
Webster Bank
Exchange Street
TONEY
Chas. Edmund Fell
Emeceen Street
William Ropes
Messenger Street
John Grophs
Webster Bank Bill
Exchange St
Chas. Amory, Esq
James H. Beal
J. T. Coolidge
J. 3. Lovering
Charles G. Loring
James Read
Franklin Haven
Messrs Gardner, Dexter& Co
Ss. S. Drew
Sod Court Street
Bath Street
Tf Howe & French
Blackstone Street
Neptune
Chelsea Beach
J. Nason
M.t. Page
Brattle Square
Arlington Seal Street
Stanhope Street
Co K. Dumaresq
Taf B Bost
Franklin Square
Barnes & Appleton
Old South
Concord Street
Pone Bros
State
Arthur Williams
Arlington
Hazard & Tf
Fall River Line
Taunton
Fall, River
Newport
Old Colony and
South and
Kneeland Streets
Providence
B. M. Simmons
Bristol
Brayton
Sto
James Fisk, Jr
N.S.S. Co
OHN A. Winn
Bostonsia Point
Philip K. DU Q
Waverley Station
Belmont
Mayeare
C. L. Hexywood
Meperienentens
Springfield Street
Washington and
Shawmut Avenue
Williams Street
Eustis Street
Robert Wharton
Italy
Boston Highlands
Guild Street
James Guild
Mattapan
R. A. Richeras Esq
Hartford
Erie
Milton
Philip K. Dumaresq
Eec
Pittsfield
Berkshire County
Gardiner
Homer Morgan
Pine Street
John W. New
Jeffries, Jr
Exstreet
Fulton and
Richmond Streets
Richd
North Streets
Jamaica Plain
ORP
Hazard & Ob
Bos
Joan
Swampscott
Starene
B. M. Consul
Pruore, Hazard & & Co
Boston Post Guilding
Boston & N Steamboat Co
ON & Bers End
Ear Gardiner, Hallowan
STAR
Erab
Jason Collin
Kenne- Noreight
H. H. H DE
Detroit
Controller's Office
TV. AY
O of
Stoc City of
Michigan
W. W. Wheaton
B. G. Stimson
Tiel
W. B. Howe
Bankers, &c
Brewster, Sweet & Co., Bankers
Blake, Brothers & CO
Nevins & CO
General Commission
Jebs
James Murray Howe & CO
Tafts
Ashley, Wetherbee & Watson
Bankers and Brokers
No. 52
Exchange Place
D.D. Ashley
WM. Wetherbee
G. H. Watson
Kidder, Peabody & CO
Stants Duncan, Sherman & CO
Col. Pine
Nassau Streets
Europe
Wall St
George Martin & CO
Munroe & American Bankers
Rue Scribe
John Munroe & CO
Wall Street
Andrew T. Hall
Milk St
Nash & Cushing, Mrote and Bill Brokers
E. M. Nash
S. B. Cusring
Sterling
Bank OF Liverpool
Warren& Coo
Brown Brothers & CO
Brown, Shipley & CO
Daniel Sargent Curtis
Bowles Brothers & Co
Rue de la Paix
William St
Union Bank
Great Britain
Stone & Downer, Bankers
Union and Central Pacific
Canada
Page, Richardson & Co
City Bank and
VT. Central
Vermont Central
Court of Chancery of
St. Louis & St. Joseph
Farmers' Loan and Trust Company
St. Joseph
Lexington
Council Bluffs
St J
North Missouri
Omaha
U. S
TOWER
Giddings & Torrey
Fogg Brothers & Bates
Boston, Or
Turner Brothers
Sanhkers
Nassau Street
Travellers
Adrianople
Aix LA Chapelle
Amsterdam
Augsburg
Baden Baden
Barcelona
Basle
Bergen
Berlin
Berne
Besancon
Beyrout
Bologna
Bonn
Leipsic
Lugano
Lille
Lisbon
Lubeck
Lucerne
Lyons
Mannheim
Madeira
Malaga
Bremen
Breslau
Brussels
Cadiz
Carlsbad
Carlsruhe
Marseilles
Cherbourg
Christiana
Civita Vecchia
Coblentz
Cologne
Constance
Constantinople
Copenhagen
Corfu
Chamounix
Cracow
Darmstad
Dieppe
Dresden
Dusseldor Ems
Florence
Frankfort
Fribourg
Geneva
Genoa
Gibraltar
Gottenburg
Galatz
Hague
Hamburg
Hanover
Havre
Hombourg
Honfleck
Innspruce
Interlaken
Konigsberg
Lausanne
Myi
Milan
Moscow
Munich
Messina
Naples
Nice
Nimes
Odessa
Oporto
Palermo
Parma
Patras
Pau
Perth
Prague
Riga
Rochelle
Rome
Rotterdam
Rouen
Salonica
Schaffhausen
Smyrna
ST. Petersburg
Stuttgart
Stettin
SUEZ
Kneeland and
South Streets
Fall River
Newport Railway
Erie Transfer Co
GEO. Shiverice
Ames Fisk
N- 9 Ff Go
Ane
Boston Statesman and Weekly Post
Fortux
Brooklyn
West Indies
Deatus Axp Marmraces
Ship News Record
Starzsmax Axp
Weexly
Admiral Porter
N. Y. Evening Post
Albany Journal
Telegraph
Jecker
Boutwell
Seward
Train
Victor Emmanuel
Louisville
Jeff Davis
Vicksburg
Jennie June
Napoleon
British Institution of Civil Engineers
Dr Walker
Cincinnati
Sangalli
Fletcher
Patti
Nelaton
N. Y. Com
Pattanahan
Elen St. Lains Mass
Isabella
Gen. Scott
la Vega
Marquesas Islands
Grant
Stewart
Secretary of the Treasury
Strakosch
Alboni
Rossini
N. Y. Times
City Hall Park
Tailleper
Louisiana
John Dickerson
Augusta
Ku Klux
Dover
Prince Christian
Channel
Victoria
Eugenie
Victor
Austria
Vane Tempest
Herbert Jerningham
de Caux
O’farrell
Prince of Wales
Providence Herald
Herald
Rhode Island
Long Branch Beach
Indianapolis
Gen. Harney
Niagara
Buffalo Com
Sumner
Alabama
N. Y
London Telegraph
Borie
Navy Department
Borie Will
Porter