Return of Turks to Europe Outstanding Event of Last Year
A European shift marked 1922 by the Turkish Nationalist return to Europe after defeating Greece in Asia Minor. The Mundania armistice protocol granted sovereignty over Thrace east of the Maritza, replacing the Sevres treaty with Lausanne terms and restoring Turkish European territory.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Frank Charlton
International News Service
York
Europe
Greece
Turkey
Asia Minor
Spain
Morocco
Near East
Mundania
Thrace
Maritza River
Lausanne
Europe’s Chief Problems At The Dawn Of 1923
An overview lists Germany’s collapsing finances and indemnity burden, possible Soviet Russia Turkey alliance, U S withdrawal from active Europe role, France and Italy naval treaty breaches, allied discord over debts and Near East deals, plus regional upheavals. It notes Mussolini’s rise in Italy, Bonar Law’s premiership in Britain, Irish Free State formation, Greek revolution, and Mustafa Kemal’s nationalism in Turkey. Russia’s government holds, with Spain and Portugal unsettled but not policy-shifting.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Europe
Germany
Turkey
United States
Washington
France
Italy
Near East
Greece
Great Britain
Lloyd George
Andrew Bonar Law
Ireland
Irish Free State
de Valera
Fascisti
Benito Mussolini
Wirth
Cuno
Poincare
Raymond Poincare
Ottoman Empire
Sultanate
Mustapha Kemal Pasha
Constantine
Athens
Michael Collins
County Cork
Free State
Collins
Dublin
Free State Army
Russia
Moscow
Spain
Portugal
Genoa
The
Hague
George
Territorial Changes Mark End Of Year Across Nations
Two international conferences dominated the year’s end as allied statesmen debated peace and debts. Ireland became a dominion with sovereignty over most of Ireland, while Ulster remained. Bessarabia passed to Romania. Bulgaria gained Aegean shore rights. Poland took eastern Upper Silesia. Liberia’s rule shifted to the Soviet Union. Japan evacuated Vladivostok and Shantung. the Far Eastern republic in Liberia was abolished.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Lausanne
Irish Free State
Ireland
Ulster
Far Eastern
Liberia
Moscow
Vladivostok
Shantung Peninsula
Rumania
Bessarabia
Turkey
Europe
Poland
Upper Silesia
Bulgaria
Aegean Sea
Turks Defeat Greeks and Mass Population Exchange
The Turkish victory in Asia Minor ended in September 1922 with Greek collapse after a split attack on Constantinople. Mustafa Kemal Pasha led Angora forces in establishing a nationalist government and demanding Greek Christians leave. Lausanne plans swapped Greek and Turkish civilians, affecting over a million people and causing widespread hardship and displacement.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Asia Minor
Constantinople
Mustapha Kemal Pasha
Angora
Disarmament Moves Across Major Nations
After the Washington conference on naval limits, Britain Japan and the United States acted while France and Italy hesitated. A Moscow conference opened with six powers and Russia proposed drastic army cuts. The League of Nations debated disarmament at Geneva but offered only broad urges to proceed.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Washington
Great Britain
Japan
United States
France
Italy
Moscow
Russia
Poland
Finland
Latvia
Lithuania
Esthenia
Rumania
League of Nations
Geneva
Disarmament Commission
Notable Weddings of Royal and Imperial Figures
Notable weddings of 1922 include Princess Mary of England marrying Viscount Lascelles in London, Wilhelm of Hohenzollern weding Princess Hermine of Reuss at Doorn, and King Alexander of Yugoslavia marrying Princess Marie of Romania in Belgrade. Austria edges toward collapse as Vienna admits peril. a League of Nations loan may be needed, with about 50 million dollars anticipated to stabilize the government. About 200,000 workers are employed in South Africa's Transvaal gold fields.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Mary
George
England
London
Viscount Lascelles
Wilhelm von Hohenzollern
Germany
Hermine of
Reuss
Doorn
Alexander of
Jugo-Slavia
Marie
Romania
Belgrade
Austria
League of Nations
House of Commons
Transvaal
South Africa
Constantine exile and postwar upheaval in 1920s Greece
After Constantine returned to the Greek throne in 1920 he and his ministers faced collapse. He abdicated, several ministers were executed, and Prince Andrew received lifelong exile. Lausanne talks stalled as Russia pressed for Turkish straits, while the sultanate fell in Constantinople. Abdul Medjid Effendi was elected caliph in Angora, leaving Mohammed VI exiled in Malta into 1923.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Constantine
Switzerland
Prince Andrew
Greece
Europe
Greek Revolutionary Committee
Near East
Lausanne
Dardanelles
Constantinople
Malta
Mohammed VI
Abdul Medjid Effendi
Angora
Britain’s 1922 Resignation and Path to 1923 Debt Talks
Lloyd George’s cabinet resigns and a general election on November 20 installs Bonar Law as premier. The newly convened parliament passes the Irish constitution bill as Britain seeks a debt settlement with France and Germany. The year ends with ongoing financial anxieties and US war loan repayments beginning.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Lioyd George
Britain
Andrew Bonar Law
Bonar Law
France
Assassinations and Rising Fascism Shape Early 1920s Europe
The year sees high profile killings including Walter Rathenau and a surge in fascist power in Italy led by Mussolini. Extremist violence rises across Europe while counter movements gain traction. The Genoa and Hague talks fail to resolve the Russian question as Britain pursues moderation.
Republicans Lose Grip as New Bloc Breaks Unity
George J. Holmes reports that 1922 ended with the Republican Party losing its near total control of the federal government. The year saw party majorities in the Senate shrink from 24 to nine and in the House from 169 to 18 as a midwestern Western bloc and independent Democrats align in a Progressive movement.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
George J& Holmes
Congress
Senate
House
Legislative Year’s Standout Acts in Washington
The year saw the senate approve treaties from the Washington conference after a tough fight. Major laws included the Fordney McCumber tariff, a soldiers bonus vetoed by Harding, a debt fund to prepay 11 billion to the U S, a coal industry study commission and agricultural relief measures, anti beer and anti grain gambling laws, 25 new federal judgeships, 17 million for veterans hospitalization, force reductions for the army and navy, immigration limits, and numerous smaller laws.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Senate
Washington
Taft
Congress
Harding
United States
Harding in Congress Drives Economy Amid 1924 Budget Gap
President Harding addressed Congress four times in 1922 including messages urging ratification of Washington conference treaties and ship subsidies. The year featured strong government economy measures, with 1924 appropriations totaling 3.369 billion, about half fixed charges. A 1922 tax revision reduced annual business taxes by roughly eight billion.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Harding
Congress
Three Supreme Court Justices Leave For Other Duties
Washington report notes Associate Justices Clarke Day and Pitney left the bench for different duties. President Harding appointed Sutherland and Butler to fill two seats, with a third vacancy remaining. The article reviews major cases and ongoing disputes during the year.
MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE
Washington
United States Supreme Court
Clarke
Day
Pitney
League of Nations
Harding
Also Mentioned on This Page
Kemal Pasha
Warren G Ding
David Loyd George
Bento ,Musrolinut
Mur Saincare
Sultan
Marx
Be . V
Walter Rathenau
Berlin
Bolaheviem
Taly
Fascis
Bat the Red Movement
Mussolini
Rome
Fismes
Balance
Capitol
Supreme Court
Southern & Central Pacific Railroad
Arkansas
United Shoe Machinery Corporation
Interstate Commerce Commission
United States Steel Corporation
Kansas Industrial Court
Alexander Howat
New York State
New York City
New York
Texas
Oklahoma
Red River
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