Lateran Councils and a Spectacular Papal Cavalcade
Four councils were held in the Lateran under Paschal and Alexander III to challenge imperial investiture. A grand procession described in Rome’s ceremonial shows trumpeters, cloaked cardinals, ambassadors, princes, and nobles, with papal officials, grooms, and horsemen in rich scarlet and gold, plus the pope’s red velvet retinues and spangled litter conveys a vivid medieval pageant.