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JOHNSON COUNTY DEMOCRAT AND OXFORD LEADER.icnblaCo-nosti theDurl,aavejlar*ourl^and'oca*andimeaforEye,roof,Hum,ady51ansor.3wnara-out, the 1 or t he isonthe nost ad-eing , for f of igedop!eyearlavelingsayer 1 stest elief tains rsonin at ever irin” «TERinulnumhsnHeines • chest u can ilsion. g and hanco omul-9 seat ire to mem* hlegmhave , your ranteayour 1 with bottle, (AdrJiteQodAjihJb o{ QuA/TlaAn^Th era’Cormsmjcrdurvb BaWU»A rtfICnrlablyapprCcoulinot0 SLcurujcLorvCoiruxcloU' HorloAiyn^3hsj F^ai±£t6nruiAje/ CJX-aucjONway for ita mat* dacha*, bar dla-unction, r, pleas-griping. inmend )mmand remedy1 b walart :h wafar ill adult Chawed ladirac-allowed, h, flatu-be same , p/eea-Laaof 20 raapac* ntainingstaatelyMia. AU ut usinga today, a to rag* ! requact ead-po rated Ity, H.Y.By ELMO SCOTT WATSONNE hundred and sixty years ago this month a series of events began which were destined to lead to the establishment of an American nayy and eventually to have a part In making the United States a world power. And this all came about because the American colonies which were rebelling against q\ the rule of Great Britain felt an Vj acute need for Just one commod* ity—gunpowder!In June, 1775, when the Battle of Bunker Hill just missed being a decisive victory for the patriot forces becnuse their supply of powder ran out, the necessity for an ample supply of it became apparent and that need became more urgent during the succeeding months, There were not enough powder mills in the colonies to provide them with an adequate amount but there was a source of supply at hand If they had the means for securing it. That source was the supply.; ships for the British forces in America which, because England was the “Mistress of the Seas,” were accustomed to come to Boston nnd other ports on the Atlantic coast unarmed and without convoys.Soon after the opening of hostilities the seafaring men of New England begnn to fit out privateers to prey upon British merchantmen and their exploits not only pointed the way to a method of securing the much-needed gunpowder from the supplies afloat off their coasts, but they also suggested the advisability of establishing a colonial navy. On August 20, 1775, the two houses of the Rhode Island legislature concurred in ordering their representatives in the Continental Congress sitting in Philadelphia to propose the establishment of such a nnvy “at the expense of the continent.But when one of the Rhode Island delegates, on October 3, called the attention of congress to the proposal of the legislature, It encountered such opposition among some of the cautious representatives from other colonies that,„after a brief consideration, action on the proposal was postponed until a later time. In the meantime congress had received “certain intelligence of the sailing of two north country built brigs, of no force, from England on the eleventh of August last, loaded witlt arms, powder and other stores for Quebec without convoy,“It being of Importance to Intercept these, a resolution was passed on October 5 requesting General Washington, commander-in-chief of the colonial forces at Cambridge, to “apply to the Council of Massachusetts-Bay for the two armed vessels In their service and to send them at the expense of the continent after the brigs. Furthermore, he was Informed that “the Uhode Island and Connecticut vessels of force will be sent directly to their assistance” and It was also resolved that “the general be directed to employ the said, vessels and others. If he judge necessary,That was an Important step In the development of our navy but more were to follow. On Friday, October 13, unother resolution was passed that a swift vessel to carry 10 carriage guns and a proportionable number of swivels, with eight men, be fitted out with all possible despatch for a cruise of three months and also that another vessel be tltted out for the same purpose,” At this time a “marine committee, composed of Silas Deane of Connecticut, John Langdon of New Hampshire and Christopher Gadsden of North Carolina, was appointed to „ •look after the fitting out of the vessels.» ' *. On October 27 this committee reported a reso* lutlon outlining a program of ships to be pur* chased and converted into men-of-war. Heretofore the action taken by congress had only provided. telnporary means for obtaining supplies. But this action by the marine committee was a definite step toward the establishment of a colonial navy. For that reason, many years later, . October 27 was chosen as the date for the cele- ’ bratlon of Navy day* An additional reason for the selection was that It was nlso the birthday of Theodore Roosevelt, who played such an Important part in the modernization of our navy ; and in its eventual growth Into one of the great- ;-estln the world.■ On October 29 the marine committee was succeeded by a 44naval committee of six members—John Adams, SUas Deane, John Langdon, Stephen Hopkins, Joseph Hewes and Richard -Henry Lee. From the beginning Adams had been tan enthusiastic supporter of the project to cre-: iate a navy but, because of other duties, he wnsW/tvunable to continue on this committee and his place was taken by Christopher Gadsden.For on November 2 congress placed $100,000 at their disposal and with this nmount they went about the purchase of ships and supplies. When a London packet called the Black Prince, com- • manded by Capt. John Barry, came into port, the committee considered this vessel worthy of becoming the flagship of the navy that was about to be created, and purchased It, The' Black Prince was renamed the Alfred, for King Alfred the Great, and given an armament of 20 nine-pounders and four four-pounders. They also purchased another merchant ship, the Sally, renamed it the Columbus and mounted 18 nlne-pounders on its deck.Next they bought three brigs which were named the Andrea Dorla, for the famous Genoese sailor, the Cabot, for the discoverer of continental America, and the Providence for the town in which It was purchased and because that town was, according to John Adams, the resl- . dence of Governor Hopkins ,(a member of the naval committee) and his brother, Esek, whom we appointed the first Captain. The Andrea Dorla and the Cabot were armed with 14 four-pounders each nnd the Providence with 12 guns —sixes and fours. Next the committee purchased In Baltimore a 10-gun sloop named the Hornet -nnd an eight-gun schooner :named the Wasp. Another eight-gun schooner, the Fly, completed the list of ships.On November 28 the first “Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies were adopted—the first time that the term “Navy of the United Colonies appeared in the minutes of congress. On December 5 it decreed that British * merchant ships, even when engaged In traffic other than that of transporting supplies to the enemy’s military or naval stations, might be seized and.held until further*order of this Congress. , •Six days later congress ordered that a committee be appointed to devise ways and means for furnishing these colonies with a naval armament. Within two days this committee, acting wjth unusual speed, had brought In its report, which was read, debated and adopted. Under Its provisions the colonies were to build “five ships of 32 guns, five of 28 guns, three of 24 guns, making In the whole thirteen.■ • While this ambitious construction program was under way, the naval committee which,, as we have already seen, had purchased and armed nine ships, was getting ready to challenge the supremacy of the Mlstress of the.rgeas. Congress had voted $500,000 in Continental currency . for* the committee’s use and, on December 19 It:: passed a resolution “that the tjommittee of Safety ; of Pennsylvania shall be requested to supply the . armed vessels which -are; nearly ready to sqil, with four tons of;gunpowder at the -Continental expense and that the said committee be requested to procure and lend the sa|d vessels as many * ‘ stands of small arms as they /ean spare, not ex- 'ceeding 400. • lj; 7 \ ' ' ] * :‘ ‘ ’ i - ' lt;4 ■ ‘ * - • * * - ^ { 1 1 * ’Friday, December 22, 1775, was a memorable date in Amerlcan naval history, for on that date , ;. congress; Issued ttiie legal warrant ' upon Which/w oi| navy. .wp'S] founded. .This was done tn a set of resolutions confirming the appolptment. of; .v -jacers; to command the war,fleet,These resolu- 'J tions .read ’as followsr ./v’.'- ’ ?• *“The committee appointed, to flt out.'araed vessels laid before congress a list of officers by them : appointed agreeable - to: the' powers to:them given by -Congress; viz.: ^‘Esek Hopklns^esq,;’. commander ih chief of .the fleet ; Dudley Saltonstall, Captain‘of the ‘Alfred1; Abraham Whipple, Captain of the Columbus; Nicholas Biddle, Captain of the Andrea Dorla; John Burrow Hopkins, Captain of the Cabot. First lieutenantsr-john Paul Jones, Rhodes Arnold/ —' Stansbury, Hoysted Hacker, Jonathan Pitcher, Second lieutenants—Benjamin Seabury, Joseph' Oiney, Eli s h ai*. _Warner, Thomas Weaver,-McDougall. Thirdlieutenants—John Fanning, Ezekiel Burroughs, Daniel Vaughn.“Resolved, That the Pay of the Commander-in-chief of the fleet be 125 dollars per calendar month,“Resolved, That commissions be granted to the above officers agreeable to their ranks In the above appointments.“Resolved, That the committee for fitting out armed vessels, issue warrants to all officers employed in the fleet under the rank of third lieutenants.“Resolved, That the said committee be directed (as a secret committee) to give such Instructions to the commander of the fleet, touching the operations of the ships under his command, as shall appear to the said committee most conducive to the defence of the United Colonies, and to the distress of the enemy's naval forces bringing supplys to their fleets and armies, and lay such Instructions before the Congress when called for.The United Colonies now had a war fleet ready to proceed against the enemy. But before it did so there must take place a ceremony in accordance with a naval tradition first observed In this country in 1775 and followed ever since. The new commander-in-chief must “put his ships In commission, pipe all hands on deck and then hoist in their appropriate places the national colors and the pennant of the commanding officer, after which he must address the crew and read to them the order by virtue of which he assumes command.So, on a beautiful winter’s day in 1775 Commodore Esek Hopkins and his officers proceeded to the foot of Walflut street in Philadelphia, where a long-boat awaited them. They pushed off and rowed awfay through the floating ice In the Delaware river (even as George Washington was to do up river near Trenton a year later) until they reached the ladder at the side of the Alfred. As the shrill whistle of the boatsw’aln called the crew aft, Hopklus and his officers stepped over the side and gathered on the quarterdeck. Then a quartermaster made fast to the signal halliards a red-and-whlte striped flag, across which was spread a rattlesnake and the words “Don’t Tread on Me! This done, he turned toward the master of the ship, Capt. Dudley Saltonstaii, and sainted.At a gesture from the captain, the executive officer of the ship grasped the flag halliards and while the men on the ship uncovered their heads, while spectators that lined the banfrs of the • river cheered and a battery of cannon roared out a salute, he spread to the wintry br_eeze the first American naval ensign. None of those present, either aboard ship or ashor^, could have realized that they were also cheering one of America’s greatest naval heroes. For the executive officer of the Alfred, who raised that flag, was Lieut John Paul Jones, destined, for immortality as the victor in the battle between the Bon Homme Richard and the Serapls less than two years later.Next the grand union flag of the colonies, a flag of 13 alternate red and white stripes with the British jack in the field, and the pennant of the coramander-in-chlef, were set in their places and the resolutions of congress read to the crew. This done, the first American battle fleet was In commission and American naval history began.Although Commodore John Barry is often called the “Father of the American Navy, that distinction cannot justifiably be given to one man. Barry’s claim to It is based upon the fact that his ship, the Black Prince, purchased by the naval committee and renamed the Alfred, was our first warship, that he was the first commissioned naval officer to capture an enemy ship (on April 17, 1770, when his Lexington captured the British tender Edward), and that he was the first senior officer with the rank of commodore after the reorganization of the United States navy in 1794,But1 Commodore Esek Hopkins has some claim •to being one of the “fathers of our navy. Despite the fact that (hls career as commander-In-chief of the new navy was something of a failure and eventually he was relieved of his command and dismissed from the service, the fact remains that he was the first officially appointed chief officer of our naval forces. His title of com mander-in-chief of the Continental navy was intended to rank him with Washington, the com mander-in-chief of the Continental army. After It was taken away from him, it was never again conferred upon an Araericnn naval man.• When speaking of tho “fathers of our navy, some account must be taken of the men who provided' the ships upon w’hose decks such naval leqdws as Hopkins and Barry and Jones were to tread. They were the members of tha ma rine committee” and the “naval committee of the Continental congress—John Adams, Silas Deane,# John, Langdon, Christopher Gadsden, Stephen Jlopklns, Joseph .Hewes. and Richard Henry Lee.. ... © Western Ncwsr--• \ l * . c t • * ♦ ■ **■ •*rt
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Johnson County Democrat
Oxford, Iowa, US
Thu, Oct 17, 1935
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