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Goman)IDs.clt;NB.MOURNINGCOOK 0oooocxxxxxxxooocx^oooooooo^[ hi Insect PestsBlights of Hawaii.aa.lTIIEtheSotdFollowing Is the address of D. L. Van Dine, entomologist of the D. S. Experiment Station, before the Y. W. C. A., on Insect Pests of Hawaii:QS8-perandofhasLUg-10%hasOc-ess-perandeaa-■trae1%)ilchstylus-lug.b.83SIftmia#I*St*trialvnHThe subject as announced for thie paperwas Blights and Pests of Hawaii/' I• . #have taken the liberty to change It to Insect Pests of Hawaii with Just a word on blights. A •'blight/' using the term in its correct sense, is a plant disease caused by a fungus growth. These parasitic ' fungi belong to plant life and are similar to the Insect enemies of plants only Jn that tney are detrimental to plant growth. The methods used' to combat them are also similar in a general way, that Is, precautionary measures in cultivation and the use of poisons to prevent their becoming established or check them If they have already become established. A familiar example of a blight is found in Hawaii In the potato blight/' The germs of this disease are widely distributed over the Islands and render the raising of potatoes in certain localities next to an impossibility* The germs of fungi are distributed by the wind and other agencies and may survive in the soil for several years waiting proper conditions kunder which to develop. This blight here la a similar disease to the potato blight known in other parts of the country as black rot. The scientific name of the disease is Fusarium, The so-called lan tana blight 'which is In evidence on the Island of Maul and found in lesser quan-:itfes elsewhere, is not a blight at all but true insect, belonging to a great group known as scale-insects. The name of this particular one is Orthezia inalgnus. If I were to enumerate all of the pests of Hawaii the list would be a long one therefore without going into details on blights I will confine my. remarks to the insect pests.That great class of creatures that surrounds us in such countless numbers, the insect world, plays too important a part in the well being of a community to remain unobserved. They stand before us under two heads; our friends and our foes, the beneficial and the Injurious. When we remember that all animal life depends directly or indirectly on plant life and realize the good or damage that can be wrought by insects when present in sufficient numbers, the importance of an economic study is obvious. Before speaking of the pests I wish to dwell for just a moment on the beneficial insects for It would be far from right to have you go away with the impression that this class, the pests, was the only one which affected our pocket-books. Certain ones in the 'fertilization of flowers perform a most Important part, Man in his conceit reasons that the bright color of the flowers and the brilliant markings of insects exist but to please his eye. Their mission in life is equally as serious as his. The flowers and certain insects are Intimately related. The Insect attracted to the flower either by the odor which so many times draws us also to thgm, or by color, in return for the feast placed at their disposal in the nectary of the flower, gather on their hairy bodies the grains of pollen and in. the journey from flower to flower bring about cross-fertilization. This is necessary to Insure the production of seed. We are all acquainted with the honey-bee, that specimen of industry which so often furnishes a text^for a sermon to the spendthrift. Insects are also many times beneficial in the destruction of Injurious species. A scale Insect, the cottony-cushion scale, threatened at one time a large share of the fruit trees of the fruit districts of California. In some cases orchards were all but ruined. Its natural enemy, a small beetle, one of the lady-bugs, was Introduced and practically wiped the orchards clean of the pest.Now finally we come to insect pests. Injurious Insects may be separated Into the following classes: (1) those feeding on the external parts of the plant, the foliage, buds, flower or bark. In this class we find here in Hawaii, the Japanese beetle, the poko worms, mealy bugs, plant lice, scale Insects, grasshoppers, and others. (Illustrations of beetle and cutworms.) Much of the destruction of vegetation Is done by Insects In the larval or young stage. In them we do not always recognize the adult. We little dream that the beautiful moth or butterfly la the adult of the crawling worm of yesterday that destroyed our plants. (Show illustrations from Holland.)(2) Those feeding on the Internal partshiS. Oto, the Japanese Cook on ihlt;cocoooocxxxxxxxxoooooocxxxoo(From Wednesday's dally.)Mrs. J. Jacobsen, the widow ;ot the murdered captain of the Fred J. Wood, yesterday morning severely upbraided S. Oto, the Japanese cook on. the vessel, for not preventing the killing of her husband. The interview between Mrs, Jacobsen and the cook, whom the alleged murderer accuses of the crime, was of dramatic interest. Mm Jacobson is still in deep mourning and carried her babe in her arms. Oto, Immaculate in black clothes and with a white dress shirt, rose from his seat as the widow of the murdered captain began talking to him with pleading intensity. Both were in the United States Marshal's office waiting to be called as witnesses before the Federal grand jury which was considering the case in the room above.The Japanese listened to Mrs, Jacobsen quietly and without a change in the expression of his face as she told him that he was to blame for the murder of her husband. He made no answer to her accusations even when she said that he might have prevented the murder and; when she asked if he was not sorry. She asked also if the captain had ever mistreated him or if he had reason to complain and the Jap shookt*8/1WhtofStseccofW;thhitaW'oreflcohservcrainiJayere;9;iralliefult;prwaaan't.of a tube situated near the end of the abdomen which it extends up through the surface of the water to the air, resting meanwhile with the head in a downward position. ' The pupa breathes in a similar maimer with the exception that It possesses two tubes situated not at the caudal end of the body, but arising from the upper side of the thorax.The natural enemies of the larvae and pupae of the mosquito are other , aquatic nsects and fishes. Insects and birds prey [ Aon oie adult to a great extent. The adult ... female feeds on the blood of n.wtmai* and the juices of plants. The male proboscis y©£ is not constructed for piercing anything, tre with any degree of resistance, as the skin hee of animals, and so its food is confined to . r the juices of fruits and other liquids. ' ** The length of the adult life varies in dif-ferent countries. In cold countries the ^y emie breeds only in the summer months \ “H and many pass the winter in a dormant cer Btate. In a tropical country like this how- ,hea ever iney breed during the entire year. in These creatures are not only detrimental ^ep to the comfort of a community but cer- I Den tain species carry the germs of yellow fever and malaria from infected persons \ to healthy people. This fact has been idov demonstrated beyond question. Dr. L. X). jled Howard, of the Department of Agricul- j logi ture at 'Washington, describes the method at ; of transmission in an excellent work of! lest 240 pages devoted entirely to the mos-.Jsho quito. Dr. Howard has studied the moa- ‘ Yea quito question for years In regard to 1 life, its carrying of disease, and its de-tj,„ structlon, and therefore speaks with au-tborlty. Enough money is spent annually in screening the houses, If not to eradicate the pest, to make screening unneces- j aary. Fighting the adult is “locking the vlcl, door of the barn after the horse is stolen. ' rece We must fight the pest during the young stage.The methods of destroying the larvae and pupae are by draining or filling thelea-\endmlgof plants. This class is well IllustratedHiw2D1N?• #ftUmpi*r9stalk of the cane after first making a hclo with her long beak or proboscis. The larva hatches from the egg and burrows IB to the cane eating and growing as It goes. Finally when fully developed It changes to a pupa after first making for itself a cocoon of the fibre of the cafte. From this cocoon emerges the adult beetle.(3) Those feeding beneath the gurfac*of the ground. The root lice, etc, phylloxera of the grape vine.(4) Insects living as parasites on animals, Ticks, fleas, etc.hasdlacquethastheothethe©where It is undesirable to pour oil on the surface of the water, for instance where a pool is used for watering stock, \ ed t the introduction of fish. Common reme- whc dies for mosquito bites are household aro-^tfmn monia and alcohol.(6) The sirth and last class of Injurious Insects are those that Infest stored grains,etc.The ravages of insect pests Is one of the greatest hindrances of agriculture In these *omt Islands, The conditions at present seem | *xer to be decidedly in favor of the pests. Tile 1 If ea:hearmandatljposeof other crops than cane hu not been practiced; varieties of plant* especially resistant to insect attacks have not bean chosen: the proper time of planting has not always been taken into account; cer-the last Clara we find such pests as the ant cockroach, beu-bug. certain flies, lad the mosquito. This last pest is perhaps the most troublesome as well as the one demanding the most serious attention.practic^i5r ! lftSn Amenta which the plant*only method adopted hero to combat tM# « ae«j for ^ ^ t^i,.pest. It has several natural enemies here “most eon rp! clou* of which Is the dragon-fly. (Show Uluslration* from Howard.)LIFE HISTORY OF THE MOSQUITO.The eggs of the mosquito are laid j multiplied rapidly, AH these factors have night by the female on the surface of rill! j the balance of nature in favorwater They occur In a zmail raft*1mass which contains sex'era] hundred eggft. ! »♦»Tbo entire mass is about one-fourth inch ! a ^In length and i* dark in folor The egg*! Atftm Ffeal,larkl^| in^ gj,crpt tn the mixing of eane harp not be«n supplied by fertilixerx: 5a#ect pest* have crept In upon u# unobserved from abroad *»lt;3 relieved of their natural check# havetometbe c ly or of 111 only casesare fastened xrmgiy together In row# and are arranges end up. The places selected by th« female for deputing the egg* are #uc.h place# in which water ha# boon left xtandlng. pond*. ditche*, water-lank*, tub*, etc Tb« «vgg# under favorable con. dit.ion# ha{cn ir, about one day'# ttroe The larvae require about a week forIt i* quite probable that cou}lt;be xucceRxfnliy uwkJ In the manufactureCEi arriv i are8tatlt;shop;blaclquar Th.of paper, but it It quetUon !f It in pot |more valuable for fuel, Bexidea b«-! and jrasss, tb^r* s* anotbtr wust* at irufrgr* tror.mills, th* r*fuw rnolkss^a. Some lift* rifrss. . —. - —- ■ - m *■» rt rv t, 1,14 ----- .growth, feeding meantime on the fioatlng | *Ucc,p*KfuI Attempts hftvp heretofore| On particle# of organic life to b» found tn the! rruuie to utltt*e this moJaJMe*, * fcelttnThe pupal follow# which t# j which contain* cortafderable carbon, for awatermuch PhW'T, Tb*» sd.jlt mrisqufto mwu Jng in sbnut two or tbrr-s days The ptiptjrug* is ft period of trsrvfrfrvrmniion wblt;mthe cr*%lvrp r.hangwi frr*m 1 *rva to tb*adult or from an aquatic tnsKt to on* living fn th* Air Th* Jfc.rv*# pap*fu1.float*A ptriet* of experiment.# f« being rruuJe' wa# lt;at Puuncn* mill by Mr. J. N. p. WIl-jmo«lt;5 Ham*, chief eng1neer, which bid# fair wax ito anive the problem. Ir,*t*ad of tucinir although Ih-ing in the water, require air. ! cru,;5c- mo]a#:#px for fuel he mixex a ruf-and mart therefore come to the xurface j ficlent per cent erf mola##?# wit.h bate? get it The larv* breathe* by mean#] gasae to make a atronger and more lt;Jw-’hisA 2and t“Yc x
Newspaper Details
Hawaiian Gazette
Honolulu, Hawaii, US
Fri, Oct 17, 1902
Page 2
Full Page
Clipped by
Anonymous
USA 24 Jun 2022
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