Washington National Intelligencer (Newspaper) - June 23, 1832, Washington, District Of Columbia JUNE 23, 1832, 6046. SPEECH OF TIIK HOUSK OF Mat 28. On the proposing a of the Duties on nnd I to submit in addition to those already in a of the views principles the of Ways and Means lo rep ort tlie present as an of of the I in the acknowledge that I have not the least of that any tiling I may litter at this or luiman can in this will to adopt the measure now or any founded on similar I urn reluctantly compelled to still di I have been disposed to hope even that some of might vet the of the majority and deliberations to some and the experience every day rendered it more and more apparent thai all are utterly vain and As to of this great which give tranquillity to the public and reatore the of my final hope is flat Under these it may seem it is that it is precisely because 1 do not hone to produce conviction upon the minds of and have no that this great will be adjusted that I am more particularly to set in the clearest and roost distinct the s which will govern as I those who are associated with as well as the Stale wc ill common in all the vicissitudes of this great contest for our unalienable ii is it is worse than to attempt to put to or to palter with this It can no longer be that does under the and oppressive legislation of and without any agency of to that a radical hostility of interests between two great subdivisions of this And if the power of the and uot their sense of is to decide the present it will be er to reconcile these conflicting the only knows what is to be the end of this great One is certain an eventful political era is at and whether it shall be signalized tlie civil or by the catastrophe of will record that triumph that and posterity will pronounce judgment on the authors of iny views and principles may be understood and by and that the record history make up may present the true issue between ilie great contending the oppressors ai d I will before 1 take my to demonstrate how grievous are the wrongs we too ami how vital and sacred are rights fur which we are before I to examine ihe inequality and gross injustice of this combined system of taxation and I shall ask the attention of the Committee to a brief exposition of my views as to the amount of revenue under 1 deem it expedient lo for defraying the necessary and proper expenses of this deciding this there is no better criterion to which we can resort than the average of a tanner which all must acknowledge to a proper basis lor such a In 1821, our army was reduced from a war to a peace F. om the year tins reduction to the close of Mr. Monroe's in 1824, 1 have made a ol the average expenses of this Government both permanent and and the result that these expenses to a suai ten millions of Many of those who hear me bear me out when I when I first took my seut in this I was regarded as very my notions in lo the public I the expenditures of that S Mr. Monroe's was by a party in this for its 1: Wis of the way for a great and splendid instead of regarding those principles of economy luul down by the our political I did not so and I do not think so now and I shall the day when the present or any future sImU bring back the expenses of the Government to the annual stim of ten which I believe to be an ample provision for all the exigencies of the so far from wishing to dismantle our suffer the navy lo rot upon the and leave the as has been 111 a report offered to the 1 am for all the institutions the country on a respectable and am and have ever been to raise whatever amount of revenue may be necessary for that I am aware that tlie burden will be very unequally even by this essential of the country are the the and the civil 1 regard as 1 hold them to be at all in peace and in I fully recognise the of the that the best way to preserve is to be for during the last three years of Monroe's was as I liave foi its and yet the total annual expenditure for the the and the civil during to less than seven millions of I repeat when our army was more its ranks and its officers as numerous and competent as they now the annual of the Government for these three objects was than seven millions of When you add to this the expenditure fur the Indian for other objects of a each to a little of half a it will be found exclusive of the whole average expenditure of tlie United during those amounted to but little more than this ss a I am satisfied that the amount will be more than especially as our fortifications are nearly I hope never to see more than annually expended upon and as the improvement of our navy yards also are nearly affirm that more than eight millions of dollars will not be annually required for objects of a permanent as to I shall confine my in the first to the laws as they now and not as it has been proposed to extend During the three years I have the pension list was very Since the number of pensioners has been rapidly diminished by So in 1822, the sum expended on tins object nearly It IS low less than one notwithstanding the great of pensioners since put tipon the by special acts of Congress and the relaxed rules of the War may fairly be calculating upon the ble mortality among none of them less than seventy years of in the course of some five this will be reduced to a verv IS to be after paying off the public there will be a large not less than eight or ten of Uie income of the year 18S3, because I le income ol that year will be principally derived from which during the present under ihe existing 1 as the proposed reduction duties will be I nm willing to more so. by extending the final reduction toli ree is obvious that the surplus revenue must be considerable during these and that of a revenue derived from duties of per will not be brought to the test in less tlian four or five Even if we suppose that the pension now should become a it is not probable that the whole pension four or five years will require an expenditure of more than two Dut be that as it eight millions will be amply sufficient for the permanent institutions and and all the revenue over that sum will be to pensions nnd other next inquiry what amount ot revenue a duty of 12i per upon all imports will bring into the If we as the basis of our great would be the of this impartial from when he learned the Complaint against the proposed duly on and other exclusively from the domestic of these very whom the duty would nut as but as a He would be apt to What an extraordinary people the Americans must be In governments are by the of the people who pay the the Union seems likely to be its very by the of those who receive In the people cry out that the taxes are toj they seem to be regarded amount of the merchandise imported for consumption during the last we shall have something less than sixty-nine millions as that The revenue from this amount of at 12^ per cent. would be something less than nine millions of Hut we are inquiring what will be the amount of four or five years after all the shall be exhausted and 1 think it may be very safely estimated that the amount of the dutiable under this not be less than eighty There will be at least fifteen millions now annually applied to the of the existing that will be disengaged from that and will be applicable to other It is a supposition that this at will be applied to the purchase of foreign in addition to the sum now thus According to this view of the making all proper it fol lows that the amount imports for consumption will be more than eighty millions the very first year the 12^ per duty goes into from the natu ral progress of population and that amount must increase considerably every shall an income of ten millions from the and even if we estimate the from the public lands at one half its present that and the bank dividends will yield two millions shown that only eight millions will be required for the ordinary and permanent expenses of the Govern it follows with a revenue of twelve there will be an annual surplus of four millions applicable to pensions and other objects of a contingent presenting this brief view of the future income and of the I will take occasion to that ifl should ever return to this I intend to propose a general system of retrenchment and economy a system not founded on an indiscriminate hostility to our existing but on a deep conviction that these can be maintained in purity and vigor only by the of a strict but judicious and liberal am fully without reducing either the army or the and without injuriously curtailing the | salaries of any of the officers of a saving mav be d of at least one a million of Without into I will barely that the Treasury Department alone opens a field in retrenchment and reform may be employed with very great advantage to tlie under the complicated system oi high the expenses of collecting the public revenue have increased enormously within the last ten At a former when our revenue from the was equal to what it is the whole annual expense of collecting it did not amount to more than it has swelled up to nearly double that proposed reduction of the duties will enable the department to dispense with the greater part of that host of house officers which almost darkens our in this item several hundred thousand dollars may be annually Upon the I am well satisfied that tlie amount of revenue which this will with that derived from other will be amply sufficient for all the exigencies of the country j and it as a mere revenue no one can justly take an exception to will here the people of the South correctly or not 1 will hereafter are firmly with the under any system of the revenue is derived almost exclusively from their proportion of the imposed by federal will be much greater than it ought to be according to the principle of the constitution which regulates the of direct Under these they think they have a right to that the aggregate burthen of taxation shall be as light as anil that not a dollar shall be expended by the Government that can be avoided by a now disposed of these preliminary I shall proceed to consider how far the provisions of this have been dictated by a due regard to the principles of and equality in the fiscal of this the exception of certain articles admitted free of nearly all of which are the imports and the of the all imported merchandise will be subject to the moderate ami equal duty of 12} per cent. I to know whether any can be justly urged against this on the score of inequality ' Regarding it as a can any other portion of the with the of that it will be to an undue share of tlie burthens I put the question and desire that it may be fairly met and fully is there a manufacturing or a manufacturing county in the that will be compelled to pay a larger of public by tills than justly and equitably falls to its share us examine this Our imports of foreign merchandise may be divided into two great The first consists of articles which are exclusively produced in foreign countries j the of articles partly produced and partly in the United The former are usually denominated the the latter the protected class of as to the former comprising and a variety of other I will that from one half of the federal revenue will be in point of it would be more correct to say one to this portion of the no one has ever pretended that the burthen is not equally distributed over the Union in proportion to the consumption of the cles from which it is It must be apparent that the States have no grounds for alleging that the duties upon and expose them lo an unequal or oppressive Will a solitary voice be raised to denounce this part of the under consideration will ' What is the subject of complaint against this and who are they by whom the complaint is The part of the which is obnoxious to the denunciation of the manufacturing is that which imposes a duty of 12^ per and no on cotton and woollen on iron and iron and on all the other articles that fall within the of the protecting is the source of the complaints against the pi And do you are the persons that make them an impartial just arrived in our should be informed that a and threatening excitement existed in to this part of the proposed he would very as the was against a tax was the indignation ot those who were called upon to pay the or upon whose productions the duties were o be Upon being informed the of tlie Southern Stales furnished the exchanges for this class of he would take it for that these Slates were clamorous against so unequal a scheme Uut how would this impartial foreigner be on discovering that the u confined to that part of the Union which paid no part of the taxes in question ami that the cause of the excitement the taxes were not forty or instead of 12 1-2 per upon ihe value of the imports !! In other greal and the cry that they are about to too 111 the spirit of peace and I will in the spirit people of the South now say to know mat it is very unequal and upon the productions ot our industry should pay even 12 1-2 per to support the w the very same productions of industry pay no contribution at but on Uie a bounty the fax levied upon our Hut it you will limit the bui then lo the necessary expenses ot the we are willing to submit to il as a revenue unequal as it obviously and will cheerfully consider the pecuniary loss we shall sustain as a peace at the of the And what do the people of the say lo Uns generous and liberal We will not accede to your We have ' calculated the value tax upon your and we have a of 12 1-2 per not enough tu keep up our iii the high state of profit and prosperity which we We can. not let you with a less tribute than 40 and it follow s that you will have to language cannot imagination conceive any tiling that would exhibit tue horrible enormity of this system more clearly this simple statement of the real condition of the the true point of the I will put mailer to a very plain If my views are nut the whole tariff can be soon gentleman on my Mr. as 1 ib ont ot Ihc largest in the United I tuni to and 1 say lo I will now make a bargain with you fur the adjustment of You admit that one hail ol tins is perfectly just and 1 levies ot the federal revenue Iroin and other unprotected The entire burthen ut vour is oilier half of the that which levies the half of I tlie revenue Irum protected in tender 1 of the operation ot this part of I the upon 1 will agree lo strike it out and the remaining hall of 1 the rei by doubling duties on unprotected or by U it a that would be infinitely I worse tlian the us il now in that the i tariff States would lose and have lo I yay quota ot the on unprotected or of the direct taxes besides by the in its present certainly have a protecting i bounty of 12 1-2 per truth Mr. that the manufacturing Slates would not agree to strike out these duties on any Even if il were that the Government did not need a dollar of the revenue derived from this or it tlie States to raise this half of the public revenue by direct taxation among still the manufacturing States would not accede to such a And ask for no idle fact plain and naked question is presented to will you be satisfied lo adjust this controversy by being relieved entirely from one of the burthen of the paying only your due proportion of the other and spurning the that they will any er of human reasoning more clearly demonstrate that they feel and know that they will pay no pait ol the duties proposed to be levied on the entire class of protected The matter is absolutely too plain for avid it comes palpably Vo the people of the charged with disloyalty to the agree that a tribute ol 12 1-2 per cent. be levied upon their for the double of relieving the manufacturers from so much and giving so much while the people ol the North are resolved lo put the Union itself in unless their brethren of the South to absolute by consenting to bring lo the mercenary aliar of this idol three times the proposed amount of must be vital as are tlie pecuniary interests involved in they are quite when compared with the principles involved in true character and importance cannot be seen until we consider not only as a question of but as a question of right and It is justice and not interest that consecrates struggles of men and of It will not to however that the of tins will destroy your interests and desolate your the existing has destroyed and desolated I am not considering your bul your 1 am not going to try this question by the barbarian test of power and but by the principles of eternal in this sacred put these questions to everN manufacturer ill the What injustice will inflict upon you? What right of yours will it What particle your property will it and lo whom will It or wrongfully transfer I that these may not be evaded Dy empty and unmeaning but that they will be openly and fairly and distinctly 1 that this should it will do very great damage lo ihe but it will legal damage without unless they will show that some legal or moral right will be us now whether there is a shadow of ground for alleging that such is the to give the inquiry a practical 1 will first in and by will the Northern be injured by the passage of this They are ready to inform in as we have heard it a thousand times echoed and from every in every and in every quarter of the that they are waging a great national contest in favor of domalie and against foreign and it is gravely contended that every patriot is upon his to take sides the domestic against the foreign as idea of a contest between domestic and foreign industry is the which lies al the very foundation of the American I the calm and attention of the committee to a plain and practical by which I think it will be clearly in this as in other men and nations have carried away by mere and have the sober of common sense to be Whelmed by one of most arrant and delusions that has ever existed in the civilized since the darkest days of It is a as and 1 will as as that which induced an eminent jurist of England to express the that every subject who held certain religious not to the shoald be regarded in Uw as an alien us into the modus operandi by which this great public foreign is to invade our peaceful by pouring in a flood and torrent of foreign that will sweep with irresistible all our leaving the land without a vestige or memorial of its present un ascertain true springs of us out the operation into its and see what are the meana by which the scourging flood of foreign manufactures will cet into our happy And mark by how plain a this fondly cherished delusion will be made to I and will hazard the whole contest upon the truth of the that foreign never can come into the and be brought into competition with domestic until they have to be the productions of foreign and have become the of American It is in the very of and politically impossible that they lo my poor powers of there are but three modes in which foreign manufactures can be into this country for The first by i the by robbery and and by The wit of man devise any other as to anil donations from foreign or foreign I admit that this would be most of all of acquisition to the interest tlm It would absolutely the entire of all investments in buildings an i they wOUld doubtless preach us most eloc ucnt and moving to prove that it be m to the wealth of the country to obtain mam factures for the are perfectly secure from any danger on th s 't he time will never arrive when missionary ze al will be transferred from religion to mid hen the folly or the philanthropy of foreign s will induce them lo deluge our land with their this as I have too much confidence in the to toy nothing of the honor and integrity of this to that its powers can ever be to and the only mode of acquiring which deserves to be gravely is that by Ah we come to the real point of the W len foreign manufactures are purchased and brought into the United States lor they be so purchased with the productions of the ind of the United It is i hat there can be no possible conflict between and domestic industry in our own It may be in foreign markets but that the real contest is between one branch of domestic industry and In the case we are it is a contest tl le domestic producer of the article which is for the foreign and the domestic for the cotton planter of the South should his c to exchange it for and bring these into the United I beg to know ther they would not to all intents and us truly and exclusively the of as they would and exclusively the property ot the planter ' If he had a lawful title h s he must have the very same title to the manufactures he has obtained for it. If the former was the production of his so. must th e latter precisely in the to the e Ir from the of feeing an exchange of each nation receives us much encouragement toils OA n industry as it to the industry of any a planter exchanges his cotton for foreign these manufactures become the productions of domestic industry by the same act which makes firs property and the in like comes the It as if the were gifted with the power of and transmute his cotton into manufactures by the mere too ch of his In this no the plainer w ould be denounced for dealing with the for the same reason that he is now denounced an 1 f for with England and that because ma could obtained and sold by the Dor of the cheaper than they could be and sold by the labor of the Ch some ten or twenty years hence it will be a subj ect of that it ever had been to labor so plain a as the one I am in the American and the cardinal measure American deeply the vital interests the country and tlie fundamental principles of the is founded on the denial of it- admit and the whole protecting system is left at and topples into there were no such in the United States or would not the protecting sys fem be mere impotent monument of folly ' How could the of the United States oT ain foreign when they had nothing wir to And what could be more ab Mird and stupid than to prohibit the of artici 's which tl not possibly be even if there wc re no prohibition these views are not radically we have now a til view of the real lo this They aj e not the foreign and the domestic these can come in conflict only in foreign nr they are the of Ihe and the of the ail the purposes of this I am as truly a of cotton and woollen as the gentleman fr orn who sits by my It is 1 do not manufacture by the same but it is one equally as and certainly no t less I cultivate the and convert its CIS into by while ths from Massachusetts accomplishes the uame object b jr turning spindles and o nly material difference between the two is. that mine adUs to the wealth of the precisely in the degree that I can sell my manufactures cheaper than he can sell Uut he has had the art to persuade the Government that this which should make me ihe favored is a why I should be heavily taxed with a t to exclude my cheap productions from the and give a p reference to at higher will now state a plain by way of practical I never have known to be to a audience without producing the most that the protecting duties are oppressive and 1 taxes upon the of the imposed the purpose of giving bounties to the js that the gentleman from a gentleman from and a gentleman from had formed a co for the purpose of making and vending cotton and Let it be also supposed that the ge from before the ge from and bad a planting co for the purpose of f and and in order to save t tic expense of numerous commercial we had to ship our agricultural staples to under the charge of a to be exchanged tor co and woollen were to be broug bt into the United and sold for the benefit uf CO It shall be assumed that the ng company annually send to tobac and to the amount of i 50,QUO, and convert into cotton and woollen and that the man company the same qua and quality of cotton and woollen Kut tl these companies bring their respective into the markets of and Avii h a view to make sale of They in every competitors in the very same for the sale the very same son of company can possibly hare to Nor can it be denied that the of the planting company areas exclusively the productions of domestic as those of There not a single fibre in tlie whole rnais thit ik not the production ot American are two American each having productions of their own to the amount of equally entitled to tlie protection of the and equally liable to be taxed for if either could be considered as entitled to would be the of planting because they could be sold and would thus adil more to the wealth of the because the planting company would be in own peculiar how would these two companies be respectively when they should to the southern customhouses witli their respective manufacturing company would be permitted to pass into tlie markets of South and with their without any trouble or or But ibe planting company would be arrested in their by the who would inform I doubt they could not be permitted to enjoy tlie very valuable privilege of bringing their own productions into their own privilege for they were entirely indebted to the indulgence of the paying a (I will of forty whole of the duty would amount to the enormous of twenty thousand As the goods of the manu company would have just in free of all the rival company of very naturally ask the cause of odious why they were required to pay forty per when less than that duty would stipply an ample revenue to the The collectors no in tlie true spirit of their are mistaken if you suppose high duties are levied upon your merely for the sake of I his is quite a secondary The great and patriotic ground upon which they are it 13 deemed injurious to the wealth and of ihe free Sutes of the that you undersell even in your own with the productions of your own these duties are by a provident ami for the very purpose of excluding your which would be cheap the in order that your more rivals may increase the national and ' provide for the common by selling tlic same sort of at much high cr a indignant feelings which this characteristic colloquy is calculated to by the imagination of I will command patience to go through with the and suppose thai the company of planters submit to the botti oi the law and the and pay the twenty thousand dollars demanded as a What will be of the two they come with respective productions into the soul hem Their relative conditions may be briefly And mark itie result a mathematical which no ingenuity can evade or of the companies offering goods in the same common as a matter ot the very same price for It a company will the productions of their honest and lawful own peculiar twenty thousand leas than the company will receive lor Uic same of tlie aame quality 11 And is produced exclusively by the unrighteous and oppressive of claiming for thw very outrage upon the principles of eternal the sacred title of a protecting and paternal I Cau any man deny Will any dare to stand up and justify or defend 1 have been successful proving that the imported manufactures obtained in exchange for the staple of arc the exclusive of the industry ol these obvious illustration presents itself the palpable injustice of this It be supposed that people of the south made these goods by itie use in Uie same manner as they are made at the would they have a title to them any more sacred they now have the imports acquired by This will they not be as lawful a subject of taxation as our imports arc Would you hoi have precisely the same right to contend that free manufacturing at a dollar a could not compete with at Itie opon this a and discriminating excise duty of forty or per There is not an ioU of in two except m producing the and the name of the duty levied would stand the A duty of forty or buy per would be imposed upon the productions of the very same of the produced in very same would be exempted from all I put it to the candor thib if this were the form in these duties of protection were be found a freeman the face of the earth who would not cry out ' ami degenerate to people who woold patiently to such a this of not be- n born for twii if It been originally the disguise by lU true operation are concealed from Its any iii this mode of stating nature of this unjust and Am I under some If 1 1 hope some gentleman will be able to me. it I have any reasoning faculties at a discriminating excise levied exclusively upon tfic of the exempting those of in no solitary more or oppressive to the southern man the existing system of du ties IS to the southern is aspect in which the of system has been frequently to my the force and clearness of mathematical No one would deny the monstrous and revolting and injustice of the if more than of the federal revenue were and raised by export duties on cotton tlie exclusive productions of much less than one fifth part ot the federal and yet it is a verified by the annual from the this proportion of the revenue is raised by duties levied upon the very manufactures for which our cotton and rice are exchanged IhU it is maintained that an import actually levied upon the goods received for our cotton and IS as it regards the to an export duty levied upon the colton and rice It will be at once perceived that this question is conclusively settled by a proposition already discussed and established if the received for cotton and rice are as truly the of the planters as the cotton and rice it is obviously immaterial to them whether the duties are levied on the productions of when they exist in the form of cotton and or after been by into The case has been often ot two cotton planters to Liverpool to exchange colton for such manufactures as are actually imported in for for takes an adventure worth ten thousand but one of them gives his bond for four thousand dollars lo secure the payment of a 40 per export - goes and the oilier gives his bond for banie amount to secure the payment of a forty per as back t it is that each will receive the same quantity of manufactures in for his each will have the same amount of duties to pay to the and each will obtain the same price for hii manufactures in the United They come out precisely with the immaterial if the voyage consumed two or three tlie export duty bond fall due that much earlier than the 1 the ingenuity of man to make out any other difference in the two let be twisted and turned as they it certainly requires no great powers of combination to that what would be in this of tlie two colton planters worth twenty thousand would be equally of all the cotton planters the with cargoes thirty But it Has been by a very respectable that cannot be because the cotton may sell his cotton in and consume the proceeds nothing back in This is I have alleged any thing so absurd as that an export which is not a greater burthen to planter than an import which in My very what in true in point of protected are imported in exchange for and that protecting duties aye actually paid upon If you depute I you to the statements if you dispute tlie I refer you to the common am in answer to these views which assume that itie manufactures imported in exchange for agricultural staples are really the productions of the and an import tipon the one js equivalent to an export duty on the is frequently replied would be all very and quite if the planters really in point of carry their staples and exchange tor Hut it is with as much solemn gravity it had any thing to do wilh the that this is not the real course of trade j planters do not export their and rice to and obtain for but that sell to the exporting who sell bills on Europe to the importing who purchase the with these and sell them to the retail who finally sell them to the is a very fair specimen of that sort of rigmarole by which a conjurer puts the off when he is about lo shuffle bis balls and a deception on their In the name of all that is what does it as to the matter whether the planters are the exporters of their own and the importers of the manufactures received for or whether these operations are performed by the agency of other persons ' If the import duties would throw a burthen upon as in the one they must equally do so in the There is surely no in having their effected by the of two or three separate by which the planters can conjure off burthen all admit they would have to if effected these The complexity of tile like the of the shifting of the like the of the balls may bewilder and deceive the understanding of the but they cannot diminish their this process be and the mystery will It is if the planters made own exchanges tlie manufactures they obtained for their staples would be their own and that an import duty on these would be a tax upon as precisely as if an export or an excise duty liad laid upon or close the process by these are actually and see if you can discover how planters get relieved from their as The first step in this complicated is a sale to the exporting merchants for Here keep a close look for we have reached the point upon which the whole and see w hether the planters obtain any more money for their staples than they could have realized for by sending them to Europe on their own and making the exchange If they do it is proof that evade no portion of the by selling here for in place of selling in Europe for If they the exporting has been guilty of the singular folly of giving the planters just so much more for their staples than they are worth an no one will suppose be truth that the exporting and will not give the planters a farthing more for their staples than the planters could have themselves made out of by going through the whole process of the In a the value of cotton is the value of the foreign manufactures it will strictly equivalent and convertible In whatever an duly upon these manufactures Will diminish their value to theiir in the same will such duty the exchangeable value of the staples of exportation with which they in point of controversy it as you itself into a the Southern planters and the Northern for supplying the market of the United States descriptions of And 1 take il lo be tlie very of all propositions in political protecting duties in the very of inflict an injury Southern .it least equal to benefit confer upon the In injury inflicted in the one be than the benefit in very ground upon which the are demanded that the cotton planters can import and sell manufactures than the domestic manufacturers can Aluke and sell So as these duties operate as a away the of a more productive and give it to one is less with a of forty per the only make their ordinary and if the planters can maintain the competition even under this enormous discriminating it is evidant that with mere revenue duties of 12i per the planters could sell much loAver prices than the and at the same time realize much higher that the benefit which protecting restrictions can confer tlie domestic may be much but possibly be greater tlian the in. jury inflicted on the When 1 advanced these opinions this floor more two years were supposed by many a novel and visionary which had put by any book of But it is a tending lo illustrate the cotemporaneous of in this country and in that almost at the very time they were first publicly advanced were by two who regarded as ornaments to this branch of of in a course of lectures on political published in 18^0, lays it itis to encourage the industry of one class of by means without the exertions uf That prohibition af importation IS a prohibition of the importation of French silks is a restriction on the oft hose would have been ifi it benefit silk to at an equal in the the is iess because widely cotton tlic or restriction or prohibition oC the importation of any a Aim io the commodity voitk the excluded modify been it to those
